3d human skin models  (MatTek)

Journal: International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing

Article Title: Advancements in 3D skin bioprinting: processes, bioinks, applications and sensor integration

doi: 10.1088/2631-7990/ad878c

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overview of different 3D bioprinting techniques and their applications. (a) Extrusion-based bioprinting technique. (i) Schematic depiction of the 3D bioprinting process, followed by consolidation and maturation stages utilizing a custom-made bioink, (ii) comparison of epidermal differentiation and dermal marker profiles between bioprinted skin and normal human skin from a healthy donor. John Wiley & Sons. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. (b) Droplet-based bioprinting technique. (i) Illustration outlining the step-by-step process for constructing a multi-layered collagen scaffold measuring 10 × 10 mm. The procedure involves the utilization of a 3D bioprinter for embedding and subsequent removal of sacrificial gelatin patterns, (ii) gelatin line pattern printing observed between the designated dotted lines within the collagen groove, (iii) the gelatin line pattern, once printed, was embedded within a multi-layered collagen scaffold, and selectively eliminated. The introduction of air bubbles facilitated inspections to assess the targeted removal of gelatin under stereomicroscopy, (iv) cross-sectional images of the hydrogel scaffold containing channels, obtained after 1 week of incubation. Arrows highlight the margins of the channels in the cross-section. John Wiley & Sons. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (c) Laser-based bioprinting technique. (i) Schematic of the LBB illustrating how the cell-hydrogel compound is propelled forward in a jet through the pressure created by a laser-induced vapor bubble. An overhead view of a printed grid structure showcases the micropatterning capabilities of LBB, highlighting fibroblasts (green) and keratinocytes (red), (ii) hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining provides a tissue-like pattern revealing all bioprinted cells, (iii) immunoperoxidase staining specifically highlights cytokeratin 14 in reddish-brown, emphasizing the bi-layered structure of keratinocytes. All cell nuclei are counterstained in light blue with hematoxylin, (iv) a cross-sectional view of the bioprinted structure, captured immediately after bioprinting, displays transduced fibroblasts (red) and keratinocytes (green). John Wiley & Sons. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (d) Light-based bioprinting technique. (i) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showcasing melanin nanoparticles, schematic depiction of the 3D projection stereolithography process, design representation of a complex blood vessel structure, and a photograph capturing the hydrogel structure 3D-printed using digital beam patterns, (ii) visualization of velocity magnitude fields correlated with the external injection rate within an artificial blood vessel model. Reprinted with permission from . Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society. (e) Intraoperative bioprinting technique. (i) Overview of IOB utilizing a DBB method for the reconstruction of hypodermis and dermis compartments in a surgical context. IOB was implemented on nude rats, each with three 6-mm full-thickness skin defects on the crania, (ii) refinement of the jetting process for bioink solutions involves the ejection of solutions from a micro-valve device, causing them to break into streams of multiple droplets upon exiting the nozzle orifice, (iii) display of representative wound images and LipidTox staining images at Day 28, providing a visual assessment of the healing progress following the IOB procedure for full-thickness skin reconstruction. Reproduced with permission from . © 2023 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 .

Article Snippet: A collaborative research project between BASF Care Creations and CTIBiotech has led to the development of the first 3D bioprinted human skin model featuring immune macrophages, enhancing the study of skincare bio-actives [ ].

Techniques: Comparison, Marker, Incubation, Staining, Immunoperoxidase Staining, Microscopy, Injection

Journal: International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing

Article Title: Advancements in 3D skin bioprinting: processes, bioinks, applications and sensor integration

doi: 10.1088/2631-7990/ad878c

Figure Lengend Snippet: Examples of 3D bioprinting for hair follicles and sweat glands. (a) Bioprinted microgels for hair regeneration, showing cell arrangement, and hair formation in nude mice. (i) Microgels for hair (HMGs) and guide-inserted HMGs (gHMGs) were created through bioprinting. Sets of collagen droplets containing mouse embryonic mesenchymal and epithelial cells were arranged side by side and sequentially crosslinked. In the subsequent suspension culture, the contracted microgel beads, termed HMGs, exhibited increased collagen and cell density after 3 d. Hair-inducing potential of HMGs was assessed by transplanting them into the dorsal skin of nude mice. Similarly, gHMGs were produced by placing collagen droplets on aligned surgical suture guides and their effects were studied post-transplantation into nude mice, (ii) microgel beads underwent spontaneous contraction along the guide during a 3 d culture. Merged fluorescent and phase-contrast microscope images were used, and Vybrant DiI and DiO cell-labeling solutions were employed to differentiate mesenchymal and epithelial cells, (iii) three different tissue grafts resulted in the generation of hair shafts. The dorsal skin of nude mice was observed 3 weeks after transplantation to assess the outcomes, (iv) regenerated hair shafts were captured through scanning electron microscopy 3 weeks post-transplantation of gHMGs, (v) newly formed HFs were observed in the forward direction 3 weeks after gHMG transplantation. Skin cross-sections were visualized using H&E staining. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) + cells, representing nuclei in blue and donor cells in green, were evident in the regenerated HFs. Reproduced from . CC BY 4.0 . (b) Porous constructs displaying cell distribution and differentiation into sweat gland cells. (i) Porous construct architectures, both block and pore, were identified immediately after printing, (ii) distribution of embedded cells and the structural stability of printed constructs were assessed after a 24-h culture, (iii) cell distribution on each layer of the scaffold was examined, (iv) epidermal progenitor cells embedded in constructs underwent differentiation into sweat gland cells, confirmed by immunostaining with K18 at Day 5, and aggregation into sweat gland-like structures was observed at Day 14. All markers appeared in red and DAPI staining of nuclei was represented in blue. Upon transition to 2D culture, the structure disappeared by Day 21, and the number of differentiated cells decreased by Day 28. Reproduced from . CC BY 4.0 .

Article Snippet: A collaborative research project between BASF Care Creations and CTIBiotech has led to the development of the first 3D bioprinted human skin model featuring immune macrophages, enhancing the study of skincare bio-actives [ ].

Techniques: Suspension, Produced, Transplantation Assay, Microscopy, Labeling, Electron Microscopy, Staining, Construct, Blocking Assay, Immunostaining